Objective To evaluate the feasibility of poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) as tissue engineering bone material. Methods Used the method that combined tissue block and enzyme digestion treatment to isolate and culture the rabbit osteoblasts. The osteoblast was co-cultured with PLLA in vitro, the cell-material complex was observed under a phase-contrast microscope. Then transplanted the PLLA with the rabbit in vivo. The specimens harvested at 30 and 60 days after operation respectively were evaluated by gross observation，X-ray examination，histology staining，and image pattern analysis. Results ① The osteoblasts were isolated and cultured successfully. ② There were osteoblasts accreted on the surface of the stuff after cultured them together. ③ All the general state of health of the rabbits was fine. The postoperative recovery and food intake are normal; there is no inflammation present in the wound. The concrescence is fine. ④ gross observation，X-ray examination，image pattern analysis，and Biological mechanics examination showed there were significant differences in bone regeneration between GEL/HA-PLLA group、PLLA group and Negative group in the 30 and 60 days after operation (P<0.05). Conclusion Surface Modified poly L-lactic acid possesses with the potency of repairing bone defects.